Effects of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys by selective laser melting
HUANG Zonglian1,3, WANG Bo1, LIU Fei1, MA Qing2, LIU Shaojun1,3
1. Shenzhen Research Institute, Central South University, Shenzhen 518057, China; 2. Shenzhen Institute of Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, China; 3. Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Abstract：The Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technique using gas atomization Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W powders as raw materials. The effects of the laser power, scanning speed, scanning space and laser energy density on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM-ed Co-25Cr- 5Mo-5W alloys were investigated systematically by combining XRD, SEM, TEM and tensile testing. The results show that the laser power is positively associated with the sintering density of SLM Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys. In contrast, it is negatively associated with the scanning speed (excluding 300 mm/s) and scanning space. The γ(fcc) and ε(hcp) phases are observed in the SLM Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys. They present SN (Shoji-Nishiyama) orientation relationship The fine and uniform columnar crystals, cellular crystal and nanosized carbide precipitates result in the improvement of the mechanical properties of SLM-ed alloy. Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys by SLM with high strength and good ductility are achieved when the laser power, the scanning speed, the scanning space and the laser energy density are 160 W, 400 mm/s, 0.07 mm, and 190.4 J/mm3, respectively. The relative density, tensile strength, yield strength and elongation are 98.6%, 1 284 MPa, 934 MPa, and 16% respectively.
黄宗炼, 王博, 刘飞, 马清, 刘绍军. 选区激光熔化工艺参数对Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W合金结构与性能的影响[J]. 粉末冶金材料科学与工程, 2018, 23(6): 582-590.
HUANG Zonglian, WANG Bo, LIU Fei, MA Qing, LIU Shaojun. Effects of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-25Cr-5Mo-5W alloys by selective laser melting. Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy, 2018, 23(6): 582-590.
[1] KURTZ S M, ONG K L, SCHMIER J, et al.Future clinical and economic impact of revision total hip and knee arthroplasty[J]. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 2007, 89(3): 144-151. [2] YAMANAKA K, MORI M, CHIBA A.Mechanical properties of as-forged Ni-free Co-29Cr-6Mo alloys with ultrafine-grained microstructure[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 2011, 528(18): 5961-5966. [3] MALAYOGLU U, NEVILIE A.Mo and W as alloying elements in Co-based alloys-their effects on erosion-corrosion resistance[J]. Wear, 2005, 259(1/6): 219-229. [4] YAMANAKA K, MORI M, CHIBA A.Origin of significant grain refinement in Co-Cr-Mo alloys without severe plastic deformation[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 2012, 43(12): 4875-4887. [5] SANDE J B V, COKE J R, WUIFF J. A transmission electron microscopy study of the mechanisms of strengthening in heat-treated Co-Cr-Mo-C alloys[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1976, 7(3): 389-397. [6] ALFIRANG, MINETA S, NAMBA S, et al.Precipitates in as-cast and heat-treated ASTM F75 Co-Cr-Mo-C alloys containing Si and/or Mn[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 2011, 42(7): 1941-1949. [7] COHEN J. ROSE R M, WUIFF J.Recommended heat treatment and alloy additions for cast Co-Cr surgical implants[J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 1978, 12(6): 935-937. [8] KILNER T, LAANEMAE W M, PILLIAR R, et al.Static mechanical properties of cast and sinter-annealed cobalt-chromium surgical implants[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1986, 21(4): 1349-1356. [9] CLARE A T, CHALKER P R, DAVIES S, et al.Selective laser melting of high aspect ratio 3D nickel-titanium structures two way trained for MEMS applications[J]. International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design, 2008, 4(2): 181-187. [10] BASSOLI E, SEWELL N, DENTI L, et al.Investigation into the failure of inconel exhaust collector produced by laser consolidation[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2013, 35(26): 397-404. [11] GU Dongdong, MEINERS W, WISSENBACH K, et al.Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms[J]. International Materials Reviews, 2012, 57(3): 133-164. [12] LU Yanjin, WU Songquan, GAN Yiling, et al.Investigation on the microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of the selective laser melted CoCrW alloy for dental application[J]. Material Science and Engineering C, 2015, 49: 517-525. [13] 宋长辉, 杨永强, 王赟达, 等. CoCrMo合金激光选区熔化成形工艺及其性能研究[J]. 中国激光, 2014, 41(6): 52-59. SONG Changhui, YANG Yongqiang, WANG Yunda, et al.Research on process and property of CoCrMo alloy manufactures by selective laser melting[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser, 2014, 41(6): 52-59. [14] HEDBERG Y S, QIAN Bin, VIRTANEN S, et al.In vitro biocompatibility of CoCrMo dental alloys fabricated by selective laser melting[J]. Dental Materials Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Material, 2014, 30(5): 525-534. [15] WU Lin, ZHU Haiting, GAI Xiuying, et al.Evaluation of the mechanical properties and porcelain bond strength of cobalt-chromium dental alloy fabricated by selective laser melting[J]. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 2014, 111(1): 51-55. [16] ELAHINIAL M, MOGHADDAM N S, AMERINATANZI A, et al.Additive manufacturing of NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2018, 145: 90-94. [17] STAMP R, FOX P, ONEILL W, et al.The development of a scanning strategy for the manufacture of porous biomaterials by selective laser melting[J]. Journal of Materials Science in Medicine, 2009, 20(9): 1839-1848. [18] XU Wei, BRANDT M, SUN Shoujin, et al.Additive manufacturing of strong and ductile Ti-6Al-4V by selective laser melting via in situ martensite decomposition[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 85: 74-84. [19] 王迪. 选区激光熔化成形不锈钢零件特征与工艺研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2011: 20-90. WANG Di.Research on process and characteristics of stainless steel parts manufactured by selective laser melting[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2011: 20-90. [20] QIAN Bin, SAEIDI K, KVETKOVA L, et al.Defects-tolerant Co-Cr-Mo dental alloys prepared by selective laser melting[J]. Dental Materials Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Material, 2015, 31(12): 1435-1444. [21] CARTER L N, MARTIN C, WITHERS P J, et al.The influence of the laser scan strategy on grain structure and cracking behaviour in SLM powder-bed fabricated nickel superalloy[J]. Journal of Alloys & Compounds, 2014, 615(2): 338-347. [22] LIVERANI E, FORTUNATO A, LEARDINI A, et al.Fabrication of Co-Cr-Mo endoprosthetic ankle devices by means of selective laser melting[J]. Material & Design, 2016, 106: 60-68. [23] SIMCHI A.Direct laser sintering of metal powders: Mechanism, kinetics and microstructural features[J]. Material Science and Engineering A. 2006, 428(1/2): 148-158. [24] TAKAICHI A, SUYALATU, JOKO N, et al.Microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy fabricated by selective laser melting process for dental applications[J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2013, 21(3): 67-76. [25] KRAKHMALEV P, YADROITSEV I.Microstructure and properties of intermetallic composite coatings fabricated by selective laser melting of Ti-SiC powder mixtures[J]. Intermetallics, 2014, 46(3): 147-155. [26] DAS S.Physical aspects of process control in selective laser sintering of metals[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2003, 5(10): 701-711. [27] BARUCCA G, SANTECCHIA E, MAJNI G, et al.Structural characterization of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo components produced by direct metal laser sintering[J]. Materials Science & Engineering C, 2015, 48: 263-269. [28] MORI M, SATO N, YAMANAKA K, et al.Development of microstructure and mechanical properties during annealing of a cold-swaged Co-Cr-Mo alloy rod[J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2016, 64: 187-198. [29] NISHIYAMA Z.Martensitic Transformation[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1978: 467. [30] HIROMOTO S, ONODARA E, CHIBA A, et al.Microstrcture and corrosion behaviour in biological environments of the new forged low-Ni Co-Cr-Mo alloys[J]. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(24): 4912-4923. [31] MENGUCCI P, BARUCCA G, GATTO A, et al.Effects of thermal treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of a Co-Cr-Mo-W biomedical alloy produced by laser sintering[J]. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2016, 60(3): 106-117. [32] WANG Y M, VOISIN T, MCKEOWN J T, et al.Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility[J]. Nature Materials, 2017, 17(1): 63-70.
2018, Vol. 23 
