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2025 Vol. 30, No. 4
Published: 2025-08-15
Engineering and Technology
Theoretical Research
Review
Review
261
Research status on the corrosion resistance of rare earth hafnates used in thermal/environmental barrier coatings
YU Xiaofeng, SHI Pingping, ZHAO Danyang, WU Xiaozan
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025006
Rare earth hafnates exhibit low thermal conductivity, high melting point, excellent high-temperature phase stability, and robust environmental corrosion resistance, offering promising applications in thermal/environmental barrier coatings for new-generation aero-engine hot-end parts. This paper focuses on the elaboration of rare earth hafnate materials as environmental barrier coatings, summarises the research progress in water vapor, molten CaO-MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
, molten salt, and coupled environment of water vapor and molten CaO-MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
corrosion resistance, and outlines its future development direction.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 261-271 [
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] (
)
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Theoretical Research
272
Hot press sintering stress analysis of full ceramic microencapsulated fuel based on finite element method and machine learning
HE Zongbei, OUYANG Han, DU Zirui, ZENG Qiang, GAO Xinrui, GUAN Kang
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2024108
The final performance of full ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel is affected by multiple factors during fabrication process, and it is very difficult to study the effects of these factors only through experiments. In this study, finite element method was utilized to simulate the hot press sintering process of FCM fuel pellets. The effects of multiple parameters (sintering temperature, loading pressure, matrix porosity, and volume fraction of tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) particles) on the stresses of each component during hot press sintering process were analyzed. In addition, the simulation results of different parameter combinations were analyzed further by machine learning in order to explore the correlation between the parameters and the stresses of each component, and conducted experimental verification. The results show that the combination of finite element method and machine learning is capable of qualitatively revealing the effects of parameters on the stress during sintering, the simulation is well consistent with experiment data.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 272-288 [
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289
Phase diagram thermodynamic investigation of the Nd-B-Sm system
MEI Jiacheng, QIU Chengliang, LIU Shuhong, DU Yong
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025023
Phase equilibria of the Nd-B-Sm system were investigated through a combination of experiments and calculations of phase diagram. Based on the sub-binary phase diagrams, seven ternary alloys with different composition were designed and prepared using an electric arc melting furnace. Phase constituents of the Nd-B-Sm alloys annealed at 773 K, 873 K and in the as-cast state were investigated using electron probe microanalysis and X-ray powder diffraction. The results indicate that due to the similarity in atomic radii and electronegativity between Nd and Sm, the Nd-B and Sm-B compounds share identical crystal structures so that Nd₂B₅ and Sm₂B₅ form an infinite solid solution of (Nd,Sm)₂B₅, with no ternary compounds observed. Base on the phase equilibrium data obtained in this work and thermodynamic description on the binary systems reported in the literature, a set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters is obtained by thermodynamic optimization of the Nd-B-Sm system using the CALPHAD method. The calculated isothermal sections at 773 K and 873 K, the liquidus projection, and the Scheil solidification path are in good agreement with the experimental data.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 289-300 [
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] (
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Engineering and Technology
301
Preparation of MoSi₂/Y₂O₃ coating on tantalum and study on its thermal shock resistance
YUAN Songquan, YUAN Tiechui, LIN Shiqi, WANG Fei
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025021
To promote the spent fuel recycling, mitigate its hazards, MoSi
2
/Y
2
O
3
composite coating was fabricated on pure Ta surface by slurry sintering in this study, MoSi
2
-Ta coating as the interlayer and Y
2
O
3
as the top layer. The microstructural evolution of the coatings before and after thermal shock testing was characterized using techniques such as X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and energy spectrometer, and the thermal shock resistance was investigated in combination with finite element simulations. The results demonstrate that the MoSi
2
/Y
2
O
3
coating consists of irregular, incompletely melted particles stacked together; new phases including Mo
5
Si
3
, MoO
3
, SiO
2
, TaSi
2
, and Y
2
SiO
5
are generated during sintering and thermal shock processes. Significant diffusion characteristics of Si element are observed in the coating system, accompanied by oxygen content increase during thermal shock. After thermal shock, interfacial delamination failure occurres at the substrate-coating interface, with spalling of MoSi
2
/Y
2
O
3
bilayer coating that serve as crack initiation sources for longitudinal propagation cracks. The formation mechanisms of defects such as delamination and spalling in the coating system including thermal stress accumulation induced by thermal expansion coefficient mismatch; growth stress accumulation caused by new phase formation; strength reduction due to oxide film rupture from volatile phase evaporation.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 301-309 [
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] (
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310
Preparation and performance study of low-loading IrO
2
-RuO
2
acidic oxygen evolution catalysts
BAI Zongzhe, LI Li, LEI Ting
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025024
In this paper, carbon fiber paper (CFP) was used as the carrier to prepare low-loading IrO
2
-RuO
2
/Co
3
O
4
@CFP catalysts with different Ir/Ru atomic ratios through hydrothermal, in-situ electrochemical displacement reaction, and high-temperature calcination. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of the catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, and electrochemical measurements. The results show that the catalyst with an Ir/Ru atomic ratio of 4∶1 exhibits the optimal oxygen evolution reaction catalytic activity and stability in acidic media. It achieves an oxygen evolution overpotential of 225 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm
2
and a Tafel slope of 45.97 mV/dec. Moreover, no obvious performance degradation is observed after continuous reaction for 50 h at a current density of 100 mA/cm
2
. This study can provide design ideas and feasible strategies for the synthesis of low-cost and high-performance acidic oxygen evolution catalysts.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 310-324 [
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] (
)
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325
CO
2
electrochemical reduction performance of rapidly synthesized ultrafine CuSnNi nanoparticle catalysts
ZHANG Yingping, SONG Yijian, LI Weijie, ZHOU Chengshang, LIU Yong, HAN Chao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025036
Four groups of CuSnNi nanoparticle catalysts with ordered structures, ultra-small sizes, and Cu, Sn, Ni atomic ratios of 1∶1∶1, 2∶1∶1, 1∶2∶1, 1∶1∶2, respectively, were synthesized by liquid-phase reduction method to investigate their CO
2
electrochemical reduction performance and catalytic mechanism. The results show that all four groups of catalysts can convert CO
2
into syngas (CO+H
2
) and HCOOH, when the atomic ratio of Cu, Sn, and Ni is 2∶1∶1, the Faraday efficiency of the catalytic products HCOOH+CO up to 40%, with the selectivity of HCOOH up to 29%, and the molar ratio of H
2
/CO in the syngas keeps in the range of 4-5 in all the potential ranges. The H
2
/CO molar ratio of the catalyst with the ratio of 1∶1∶2 has the largest adjustable range (5-17). The H
2
/CO molar ratio is related to the elemental ratio, but not to the entropy. The catalyst with the atomic ratio of Cu, Sn, and Ni of 2∶1∶1 has the best stability. Strong interactions between different metal atoms and surface unsaturated sites in CuSnNi can modulate the electronic structure of different metal atoms and optimize the adsorption and desorption strength of different intermediates on the catalyst surface.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 325-342 [
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] (
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343
High-temperature mechanical properties of in-situ nano-Al
2
O
3
reinforced aluminum matrix composites prepared by powder hot extrusion
KUANG Shuqian, ZHANG Liangxian, ZHANG Tao, JIANG Tengjiao, ZHAO Ke, LIU Jinling
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025039
The weight reduction design of supersonic aircraft urgently requires lightweight and high-strength Al matrix materials for service above 300 ℃. In this study, an in-situ nano-Al
2
O
3
reinforced Al matrix composites were fabricated via powder hot extrusion, and their microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties were investigated by X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and tensile property test. The results show that in-situ generated nano-Al
2
O
3
particles (approximately 115 nm) are uniformly dispersed within the Al matrix, which exhibits an average grain size of approximately 640 nm, and yielding a composite hardness (HV) of 148. After thermal exposure at 500 ℃ for 100 h, the composites maintain nearly unchanged hardness and average grain size. The composites achieves a room-temperature tensile strength of 482 MPa with an elongation of 5.9%, while maintaining a tensile strength of 240 MPa at 300 ℃. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the effective pinning of grain boundaries and hindrance of dislocation motion by the in-situ nanoparticles, maintaining the thermal stability of the structure, which significantly improves the high-temperature mechanical performance of the composites.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 343-350 [
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] (
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351
Preparation and microwave absorption properties of lightweight FCI/SCI/PU composite foam
WEI Mengting, LI Zhuan, LUO Heng, LI Jing
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025025
Foaming is an effective method for achieving lightweight electromagnetic wave absorption materials, and electromagnetic waves undergo multiple scattering within the foam pores, which helps improve absorption efficiency. This study leveraged the synergistic effect of multi-shaped magnetic powders and pore structures, employing mechanical blending and a one-step foaming method to composite-add flake carbonyl iron (FCI) and spherical carbonyl iron (SCI) into a polyurethane (PU) matrix, to prepare lightweight porous polyurethane composite foam (FCI/SCI/PU). The influence and mechanism of different FCI and SCI mass ratios on the X-band absorptive performance of FCI/SCI/PU foam were investigated. The results indicate that when the mass ratio of FCI to SCI is 2∶1, the FCI/SCI/PU foam exhibits optimal absorption properties, reaching an absorption peak at 12.4 GHz with a value of -29.17 dB, an effective absorption bandwidth of 2.12 GHz, and a foam density of 0.30 g/cm
3
. The improvement in electromagnetic wave absorption properties stems from multiple loss mechanisms such as eddy current loss, natural resonance, and interface polarization, as well as the foam's excellent impedance matching performance and multiple scattering effects due to its pore structure.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 351-363 [
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364
Microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion 304L stainless steel
MA Yue, YUAN Tiechui, HUANG Yang, TAN Yun, ZOU Liang
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025033
In this paper, 304L stainless steel was fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology using gas atomized powder as raw material. The effects of laser volumetric energy density on the microstructure of the alloy were investigated by X-ray diffratometer, backscattered electron diffratometer, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope, and the optimal process window was determined. Stainless steels with printing angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° were fabricated using this process parameter to study the influence of forming angle on the microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel. The results show that LPBF 304L stainless steel is mainly composed of austenite and a small amount of ferrite. When the laser volumetric energy density is 93.7 J/mm
3
, the stainless steel has the least pores and other defects, the lowest porosity, and the highest hardness. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of stainless steel with a printing angle of 0° are (722.6±2.5) MPa, (580.3±1.5) MPa, and (58.6±2.3)%, respectively. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of stainless steel with a printing angle of 45° are (714.3±2.5) MPa, (572.0±2.6) MPa, and (49.2±2.8)%, respectively. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of stainless steel with a printing angle of 90° are (629.0±2.0) MPa, 527.7±3.1) MPa, and (67.4±3.5)%, respectively. Stainless steel with a printing angle of 0° shows finer grains, a higher proportion of low-angle grain boundaries, and a larger dislocation density, which helps to improve the material strength. Two kinds of subgrain structures, cellular subgrains and columnar subgrains, exist in LPBF 304L stainless steel. The differences in grain morphology, grain orientation, dislocation density, and subgrain structure are the reasons for the anisotropic mechanical properties of LPBF 304L stainless steel.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 364-377 [
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378
Effect of Cr addition on magnetic properties of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets
HOU Pengjun, WANG Yan, LIU Yong, LUO Yang, WANG Zilong
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025034
To optimize the structure of the coarse-grained regions in hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets and enhance their structural uniformity. In this paper, Nd-Fe-B magnets with different Cr contents were prepared using fast-quenched magnetic powder and Cr powder as raw materials through hot pressing and hot deformation processes. The effects of Cr content on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the magnets were studied by scanning electron microscope, energy spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, and the mechanism of its magnetic property changes was revealed. The results indicate that an appropriate addition of Cr can significantly enhance the remanence and maximum magnetic energy product of Nd-Fe-B magnets. When
w
(Cr) is 0.5%, the remanence and magnetic energy product can reach 1.39 T and 353 kJ/m
3
, respectively. Cr exists as single particles, and the rare-earth-rich phase enriches around the Cr particles, forming a coating layer, which effectively reduces the inhomogeneous distribution of rare-earth-rich phases, optimizes the overall width and distribution of the coarse-grained regions. Thus, the texture of the magnet is optimized, leading to the improvement of comprehensive magnetic properties.
2025 Vol. 30 (4): 378-386 [
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] (
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