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2026 Vol. 31, No. 5
Published: 2026-10-15
Engineering and Technology
Theoretical Research
Review
 
       Review
439 Research progress on the service behavior and failure mechanism of Ti alloys under deep-sea environment
ZHANG jiaqi, XIAO Jiaheng, PENG Yuqi, ZHANG Junhua, WAN Yixin, LIU Xiaotao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026049
With the continuous advancement of human exploration and exploitation of deep-sea resources, deep-sea equipment imposes increasingly higher requirements on the corrosion resistance of materials. Titanium alloys, renowned for their high strength, light weight, and excellent corrosion resistance, are hailed as the “marine metal” and have become a key material for deep-sea equipment. However, the deep-sea environment is characterized by high pressure, low temperature, low oxygen levels, high salinity, and a complex microbial system. The coupling effects of these factors can significantly influence the corrosion behavior of titanium alloys, potentially leading to localized corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and other issues. This paper systematically reviews the progress in corrosion research on titanium alloys in deep-sea environment, in which the attention is particularly paid to research methods of indoor acceleration simulation experiment, the influence factor and the associated mechanisms of typical corrosion forms, e.g., microbial corrosion, stress corrosion, and corrosion fatigue, are summarized. And the future development direction of deep-sea titanium alloys is proposed.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 439-454 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (1110 KB)  ( )
455 Research progress on materials, structure, and preparation process of the liners for oil well perforation
LIU Yulong, LEI Xinhua, REN Guohui, ZHAO Qiang, CHEN Jiaheng, LI Feiyang, ZHONG Huiqiang, ZOU Jianpeng
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026041
Perforation technology plays an increasingly important role in protecting reservoirs, enhancing operational efficiency, and improving the ultimate productivity of oil fields. The liners are the key components responsible for the shaped charge effect of perforating bullets. Researches on liners primarily focus on three aspects: materials, structure, and preparation process. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress made by domestic and international researchers on liners in recent years, aiming to support the development of efficient perforation technology for oil and gas wells. In terms of materials, the influences of properties including plasticity, density, sound velocity, compressibility and ductility of materials, such as single metal materials, alloy materials and reactive materials, on the penetration depth or damage performance of the shaped charge effect have been sorted. In terms of structure, the effects of liner shape, top structure, cone angle, wall thickness, and curvature radius on the maximum velocity of the head part of the shaped charge jet, the overall velocity of the jet, and the penetration capability of the jet have been elucidated. In terms of preparation process, the effects of different preparation processes or different parameters within the same process on the uniformity, symmetry, density, hardness, yield strength, and other properties of liners have been investigated. As the development of oil and gas resources expands into deeper and unconventional areas, the materials and structure of liners will evolve towards higher density and better penetration performance. The manufacturing process will also place greater emphasis on automation and intelligence to meet the perforation requirements of efficiency, precision and deep penetration.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 455-471 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (629 KB)  ( )
472 Research progress on 3D-printed hydrogel-based soft robots
LI Rong, XU Mengping, HUANG Anrong, ZUO Xiaoling
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026043
Soft robots, due to their good compliance and environmental adaptability, show significant application prospects in fields such as medicine and human-machine interaction. As a wet and soft material with mechanical properties and stimulus responsiveness similar to biological tissues, hydrogels have become an ideal material for the fabrication of bionic soft robots. The introduction of 3D printing technology has overcome the limitations of traditional hydrogel manufacturing methods in forming complex structures and provides a new approach for developing multi-functional soft robots. This paper focuses on 3D-printed hydrogel-based soft robots and systematically introduces research progress in fields such as bionic movement, grasping operations, and biomedical applications. This includes bionic crawling (capable of carrying five times their own weight), jumping (speed up to 20.63 μm/s), rolling, and other movement forms driven by light, magnetic fields, heat, and other methods, key technologies of bionic grippers and robots with both mobility and operational capabilities in grasping and manipulation, as well as promising applications in targeted drug delivery, in vivo monitoring, and minimally invasive therapy. Currently, there are still some challenges in this field regarding mechanical performance, driving methods, and function integration. However, with the continuous advancement of multi-material composite printing, customizable structural design, and intelligent sensing technologies, 3D-printed hydrogel-based soft robots are gradually developing into more intelligent direction and are expected to play important roles in precision medicine, complex environment detection, and human-machine interaction.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 472-485 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (889 KB)  ( )
       Theoretical Research
486 Thermodynamic investigation of the Ag-Bi-Te system
WEI Peng, WANG Jiong, CUI Dongyu, ZHOU Jiaqiang
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026024
Thermodynamic modelling of the Ag-Bi-Te system has been carried out using the calculation of phase diagram (CALPHAD) method based on the available literature-reported experimental data. The liquid phase was described by the associated compound model (Ag,Ag2Te,Bi,Bi2Te3,Te)1 with Ag2Te and Bi2Te3 associate species. The ternary compound AgBiTe2 was treated as the stoichiometric compound (Ag)0.25(Bi)0.25(Te)0.5. A set of consistent thermodynamic parameters for the Ag-Bi-Te system was obtained. Comparison of the calculated results with available experimental data suggests that the thermodynamic parameters obtained in this study can well describe the phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of the Ag-Bi-Te ternary system.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 486-497 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (757 KB)  ( )
498 Effect of Laval nozzle structrue on gas flow field in close-coupled gas atomization
LIU Yuhui, ZHOU Chengshang, LIU Yong
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026048
The structrue of the Laval nozzle directly influences the characteristics of the gas flow field in the close-coupled gas atomization process, thereby determining the particle size and properties of the produced powder. Based on the shear stress transport k-ω turbulence model, numerical simulations of Laval nozzles with different throat, outlet and inlet widths were conducted to systematically analyze their effects on the flow field structure, jet velocity, and suction pressure. The results indicate that the throat width is a critical parameter regulating flow field morphology, when the throat width increases, the flow field transitions from an “open-wake” to a “closed-wake”, while the suction pressure follows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. An appropriate outlet width shlightly enhances the suction capability of atomizer, variations in the inlet width within a reasonable range have a negligible effect on the jet velocity, pressure distribution, and suction performance. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of Laval nozzles.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 498-507 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (740 KB)  ( )
       Engineering and Technology
508 Corrosion behavior of laser cladded WC-Ni based coatings in simulated drilling fluid environment
LIU Lilan, LI Jiajia, QIN Yingkai, GUO Boyu, ZHANG Mingke
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026045
To enhance the wear and corrosion resistance of the key functional surfaces of the non-magnetic drill collar, a non-magnetic WC-Ni-based composite coating was deposited on the P550 non-magnetic steel surface using laser cladding technology. The microstructure, electrochemical corrosion characteristics, and evolution of corrosion products of coatings under different simulated drilling fluid environments were analyzed using characterization methods such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and EDS. The results show that the WC-Ni based coating is composed of WC and W2C hard phases, NiCu solid solution, and secondary carbide phases such as Ni3W3C, (Fe,Ni)23C6, and Cr7C3. It contains a typical mixed microstructure of columnar crystals, cellular crystals, and equiaxed crystals. Under different simulated drilling fluid environments, the self corrosion current density of the coating is significantly lower than that of the substrate. Comparably, its self corrosion potential and pitting corrosion potential are positive, the polarization resistance is greater and the passivation film capacitance is smaller. The corrosion resistance performance of the coating is generally superior to that of P550 non-magnetic steel. When the pH values of the solution are 5, 7, 9 and 11, the corrosion resistance of the coating shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The corrosion is lightest in weakly alkaline environments (pH=9), but is intensified in acidic (pH=5) and strongly alkaline (pH=11) environments due to the destruction of the passivation film. When the simulated drilling fluid temperatures are 20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃, the corrosion resistance of the coating decreases with increasing temperature. The increase in temperature significantly accelerates Cl- diffusion and interfacial reaction, leading to a decrease in the stability of the passive film and an increase in the corrosion rate of the coating. The results can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the performance optimization and engineering application of surface protective coatings on non-magnetic drill collars.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 508-521 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (1118 KB)  ( )
522 Mechanical-electrochemical coupling mechanism of elastomeric solid electrolytes regulated by crosslinking-plasticization
ZHOU Jingya, XIAO Peng, LIU Chen, PANG Liang, LI Zhuan
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026046
In order to solve the key problems of elastomeric solid electrolytes for flexible electronic equipment, specifically the balance between mechanical property and ion transport performance and interface stability, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polycarbonate diol (PCDL) modified elastomeric solid electrolyte were prepared in this paper. Through microscopic characterization, mechanical and electrochemical performance tests, the regulation mode and coupling mechanism of modified components on electrolytes were systematically explored. The results show that IPDI forms a three-dimensional network through covalent crosslinking, thereby enhancing the strength and stability of the electrolyte. However, the increase of crosslinking density will limit the segment motion, increase the ion impedance, and narrow the electrochemical stability window. PCDL destroys the ordered stacking of segments through flexible plasticization, expands the amorphous region, and significantly enhances toughness and ionic conductivity. However, too much PCDL will lead to a slight increase in impedance due to segment winding. In addition, the study also reveals the coupling mechanism of synergistic regulation of mechanical-electrochemical properties by crosslinking enhancement and flexible plasticization, which provides a clear regulatory framework for the synergistic optimization of mechanical and electrochemical properties in elastomeric solid electrolytes.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 522-531 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (658 KB)  ( )
532 Microstructural evolution of L12 ordered precipitates and hardness strengthening mechanisms of WC-Co-Ni-Al-based cemented carbides
LIU Yan, CHANG Guorui, LI Na, ZHANG Weibin
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026047
To address the softening failure of the binder phase in cemented carbides under harsh deep-earth service conditions, a novel γ′ phase-strengthened WC-25Co-25Ni-3Al-9.05ZrC/8.54HfC cemented carbide was designed and fabricated in this study using the calculation of phase diagram method. Guided by calculation of phase diagram and integrated with key experimental characterizations, the microstructural evolution of the γ′ precipitates and their structure-property relationships with hardness were systematically investigated. The results show that the as-sintered sample can form a highly supersaturated matrix after solution treatment at 1 150 ℃, providing a strong driving force for the precipitation of γ′ phase during subsequent aging. As the aging temperature and time increase, the γ′ phase evolves from spherical particles to regular cubes, exhibiting directional alignment and Ostwald ripening at 800 ℃. Compared to the ZrC-added samples, HfC particles effectively inhibit discontinuous precipitation through the grain boundary pinning effect. The solution treatment at 1 150 ℃ combined with the 700 ℃ aging process constitutes the optimal window for hardness of the alloy. Among the samples, the WC-Co-Ni-Al-ZrC alloy achieves the highest hardness (HV10) of 717.3, while the WC-Co-Ni-Al-HfC alloy reaches a peak hardness (HV10) of 643.6. This study significantly enhances the hardness of WC-Co-Ni-Al-based cemented carbides through microstructure regulation, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the design of cemented carbides for extreme deep-earth environments.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 532-543 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (1080 KB)  ( )
544 Effects of loading content and size on electromagnetic wave absorption performance of flake carbonyl iron
WANG Xu, XING Xuyang, LI Xiang, YANG Shuren, LIU Xin, GUAN Linyue, DENG Fusen, QIAO Mingtao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026055
Flake carbonyl iron (FCI)/paraffin composites exhibit excellent electromagnetic loss characteristics and show great potential for broadband microwave absorption applications. In this study, FCI powder was incorporated into molten paraffin via a melt-blending and compression-molding process to fabricate FCI/paraffin composites. The synergistic regulation mechanisms of FCI loading content and flake size on the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the composites were investigated. The results indicate that flake size significantly influences the absorption performance. The composite with medium-sized FCI (X-2, 11-14 μm) at a loading mass fraction of 40% achieves the best overall performance, exhibiting a minimum reflection loss of -48.75 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.47 GHz (10.26-17.73 GHz) at a matching thickness of 1.7 mm. The enhancement in the absorption performance of the FCI/paraffin composites is primarily attributed to the synergistic regulation of the electromagnetic loss mechanisms and impedance matching states by the FCI flake size and its loading content.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 544-556 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (1343 KB)  ( )
557 The promoting mechanism of Cu doping on the gas-sensing response of SnO2
HOU Haiyun, XU Jiale, ZHANG Haojie, ZHANG Zinan, ZHANG Enkang, LIU Songtao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026060
To determine the main influence mechanism of Cu doping on the gas-sensing performance of SnO2, SnO2, Cu-doped SnO2, and CuO powders were prepared by the sol-gel method, and the gas-sensing response of Cu-doped SnO2 to ethanol gas was systematically studied. The results show that when the molar ratio of Cu/Sn is 0-0.15, the gas-sensing response degree of Cu-doped SnO2 to ethanol gas slightly increases with the increase of Cu-doping content. When the molar ratio of Cu/Sn reaches 0.18, the gas-sensing response degree of Cu-doped SnO2 to ethanol gas shows a sudden increase and reaches its maximum value. Continuing to increase the molar ratio of Cu/Sn, the gas-sensing response degree of Cu-doped SnO2 to ethanol gas decreases. When the molar ratio of Cu/Sn is 0-0.15, Cu2+ replaces Sn4+ in the SnO2 lattice to form a solid solution, increasing the oxygen vacancies on the surface of SnO2 grains and thereby slightly improving the gas-sensing response of SnO2. When the molar ratio of Cu/Sn reaches 0.15, the solid solubility of Cu2+ in the SnO2 lattice reaches its maximum. Continuing to increase the Cu-doping content, excess Cu2+ adhere to the surface of SnO2 grains to form CuO quantum dots, catalyzing the reaction between SnO2 and ethanol gas, thereby greatly improving the gas-sensing response of SnO2. This is the main reason why Cu-doping promotes the gas-sensing response of SnO2.
2026 Vol. 31 (5): 557-564 [Abstract] ( ) HTML (0 KB)  PDF  (569 KB)  ( )
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