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2026 Vol. 31, No. 3
Published: 2026-06-15
Engineering and Technology
Theoretical Research
Review
Review
199
Research and application progress of titanium alloy and porous tantalum orthopedic implant materials fabricated by electron beam powder bed fusion
GUO Yu, CHENG Kangkang, QIU Sha, LI Huixia, XIANG Changshu, CHEN Chao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026012
Electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) is particularly suitable for rapid forming of high-activity and high-melting-point medical metal materials due to its advantages, including high energy density, high energy utilization efficiency, fast scanning speed, low forming stress, and high cleanliness in a vacuum environment. It has been widely applied in the field of orthopedic implants with trabecular structures. This paper comprehensively reviews the technical characteristics of EB-PBF, the current development status of EB-PBF equipment, and its research and application progress in manufacturing titanium alloy and porous tantalum. Additionally, it discusses the opportunities and challenges for medical metal materials fabricated by EB-PBF in China.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 199-217 [
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Theoretical Research
218
Effect of component ratio on the main mechanical properties of selective laser sintered stainless steel/PES composite parts
QU Fang, YUAN Kai, ZHENG Kaijun, XU Jiamiao, ZHAO Heran, WANG Wenming
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026017
Component ratio is a core parameter in the formulation design of composites and has a significant influence on the main mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel/polyethersulfone (PES) composite parts fabricated by selective laser sintering. In this paper, a simplified three-dimensional powder-bed model was established using ANSYS Workbench to numerically simulate the selective laser sintering forming process of 316L stainless steel/PES composites with five different component ratios (
φ
316L
=0, 9.1%, 16.7%, 28.6%, 33.3%). The effects of component ratio on residual stress, tensile stress, and bending stress were analyzed, and tensile and bending tests were performed on the composites using an electronic universal testing machine. Numerical simulation results show that when
φ
316L
is in the range of 16.7%-28.6%, the maximum residual stress of the parts is minimized and the residual stress distribution uniformity is optimal. The maximum tensile stress of the part with
φ
316L
=28.6% is significantly higher than that of the other groups, reaching 3.7 MPa. Meanwhile, the part with
φ
316L
=16.7%, the maximum bending stress is 36.2 MPa with no obvious local stress concentration. Experimental results indicate that the tensile strength reaches the highest value of 3.9 MPa at
φ
316L
=28.6%, while the bending strength peaks at 36.5 MPa at
φ
316L
=16.7%. The experimental results are consistent with the trends of numerical simulations, verifying the reliability and accuracy of the numerical simulation method. Considering both tensile and bending properties comprehensively, the recommended volume fraction of 316L stainless steel in the composite is 16.7%- 28.6%, which can be selected according to the emphasis on tensile or bending performance in practical applications. This study clarifies the optimal ratio range and the variation law of mechanical properties for 316L stainless steel/PES composites, providing a theoretical basis and data support for the formulation optimization and mechanical property improvement of selective laser sintered 316L stainless steel/PES composite parts.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 218-226 [
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Engineering and Technology
227
Effects of Mg content on the microstructure and properties of Al-Si-
x
Mg alloys
YANG Shuchao, ZHAO Wuji, SUN Ke, WANG Bin
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025090
To achieve a combination of high strength and high thermal conductivity in cast aluminum alloys, this study employed commercial pure Al, Al-20%Si master alloy, and pure Mg as raw materials to prepare Al-Si-Mg alloys with varying Mg contents via permanent mold gravity casting. The effects of Mg content on the microstructure and properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys were systematically investigated using optical metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, microhardness tester, digital electrical conductivity meter, universal tensile testing machine, and laser flash thermal conductivity meter. The results demonstrate that increasing Mg content refines the α-Al dendrites with the secondary dendrite arm spacing decreasing from 17.77 μm to 15.16 μm. Meanwhile, the formation of Mg
2
Si phases is promoted, and their morphology transitions from skeletal to particulate as the Mg content increases. After peak aging treatment at 190 ℃ for 8 h, the precipitation of nanoscale β″ phase provides significant strengthening effects, concurrently leading to a notable improvement in thermal conductivity. The peak-aged Al-6Si-1.0Mg alloy exhibits optimal comprehensive properties with tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and thermal conductivity reaching 318.6 MPa, 176.2 MPa, 6.24%, and 190.7 W/(m·K), respectively. By regulating the Mg content and aging process, this study achieves a balance between strength and thermal conductivity in Al-Si-Mg alloys.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 227-235 [
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236
Effect of proline derivative electrolyte additives on the performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries
LIANG Lixin, ZHAO Yan, LI Tianchen, LIAO Tao, CAO Yuankui, LIU Bin
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025091
The serious calendar aging and cyclic attenuation of aqueous zinc-ion batteries restrict its industrial application. In this study, 4-fluoroproline additive was introduced into the electrolyte. The effects of additives on battery performance were systematically analyzed by immersion corrosion test, symmetric/asymmetric battery cycle and spectral characterization. The results show that the fluoroproline additive can significantly buffer the pH change, inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites and by-products, and remain the coulombic efficiency of Zn//Cu battery above 99.4% after multiple standing-cycle. The cycle life of Zn//Zn symmetrical battery at 1 mA/cm
2
and 1 mAh/cm
2
is prdonged to more than 770 h, which is about 6 times that of the control group. The zwitterionic groups of fluoroproline participate in proton regulation and reconstruct the hydrogen bond network, which can improve the wettability and stability of the interface. This study provides an effective electrolyte regulation strategy for the development of high-stability aqueous zinc batteries.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 236-244 [
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245
Photothermal catalytic dry reforming performance of methane over Ni-Co bimetallic spinel oxides: synergistic effects and structural tuning
XIONG Dan, BAI Zhihao, YU Shouwu, MENG Xianguang
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2025080
Photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane represents an efficient route for utilizing solar energy to drive the conversion of greenhouse gases CH
4
and CO
2
into syngas (H
2
and CO). In this work, a series of Ni
x
Co
y
MgAlO (
x
=1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5;
y
=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) spinel oxide catalysts with varying Ni/Co molar ratios were synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The crystalline structure, oxygen vacancy concentration, micro-morphology, and redox properties of the catalysts were systematically analyzed by characterization methods such as SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS. Their photothermal catalytic activity and stability in dry reforming of methane were evaluated, investigating the effect of the Ni/Co ratio on catalytic performance. The results indicate that the Ni
0.5
Co
0.5
MgAlO catalyst exhibits optimal performance, achieving CH
4
and CO
2
conversions of 59.6% and 65.3%, respectively, under photothermal conditions. Co doping effectively modulates the specific surface area, oxygen vacancy concentration, and metal-support interaction, leading to improved catalytic activity and enhanced resistance to carbon deposition. The synergistic effect between Ni and Co can facilitate electron transfer, strengthen the redox capability, promote oxygen species cycling, and optimize the activation of CH
4
and CO
2
, thereby further enhancing the photothermal catalytic performance.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 245-255 [
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256
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
LONG Junjie, LI Dan, ZHANG Qin, LIU Jianling, CHEN Chao, ZHOU Kechao
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026004
Al-Ni-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy was fabricated using gas-atomized Al-5Ni-0.8Mn-0.4Sc-0.2Zr pre-alloyed powder as raw materials by laser powder bed fusion. The effects of laser power and scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and universal material testing machine. The results indicate that the optimal processing parameters are a laser power of 350 W and a scanning speed of 1 800 mm/s, under which the alloy achieves a relative density exceeding 99.5% without observable macroscopic cracks. The alloy consists of an α-Al matrix and ribbon-like Al
3
Ni phases, with grains exhibiting an alternating distribution of columnar and equiaxed morphologies. Mn, Sc, and Zr elements are solubilized within the matrix, and the eutectic structure is significantly refined to the nanoscale. The alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures. At room temperature, the tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation is (438±11.99) MPa, (306 ±17.14) MPa, and (6.3±0.4)%, respectively. When test at 300 ℃, the yield strength is maintained at (246±4.61) MPa, while the elongation increases to (9.0±1.6)%. The strengthening behavior is primarily attributed to the synergistic effects of uniformly dispersed nanoscale Al
3
Ni phases, solid-solution strengthening induced by Mn, and the high dislocation density.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 256-266 [
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267
Gel casting preparation and electrical properties study of Pb(Zr,Ti)O
3
ceramics
WANG Siyuan, LIU Shengwen, ZHANG Dou, YUAN Xi
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026019
To meet the manufacturing requirements of piezoelectric ceramics with special-shaped structures, this study employed the gel casting process to fabricate Pb(Zr,Ti)O
3
(PZT) ceramics. The effects of dispersant dosage, solid content, and resin concentration on slurry rheological property, green body strength, and ceramic electrical properties were systematically investigated using rotational rheometer, universal mechanical testing machine, ferroelectric analyzer, impedance analyzer, quasi-static piezoelectric tester, and scanning electron microscope. The results show that when using ammonium polyacrylate as the dispersant, the slurry achieves the lowest viscosity at a dispersant content of 0.7% (mass fraction), with a viscosity of 201.05 mPa·s at 100 s
-1
, indicating optimal fluidity. When the solid content does not exceed 55% (volume fraction), the slurry exhibits favorable shear-thinning behavior, making it suitable for filling complex structures. The bending strength of the green body increases with the increase of resin concentration, reaching (41.79±5.49) MPa at a resin mass fraction of 25% and a solid volume fraction of 55%, meeting the demolding requirements for special-shaped green bodies. Using this formulation, with the ceramic sintered at 1 275 ℃ exhibits a dense structure with uniform grains, achieving a piezoelectric constant
d
33
of (618.36±5.65) pC/N, a relative dielectric constant
ε
r
of 2 455.41±33.16, and an electromechanical coupling coefficient
k
p
of 0.62. The comprehensive performance is comparable to or even better than that of samples prepared by conventional dry pressing, and significantly surpasses that of 3D-printed samples. This study demonstrates that high-quality near net shaping of complex-shaped PZT ceramics can be achieved by optimizing the gel casting process parameters, providing an effective approach for the fabrication of special-shaped piezoelectric components.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 267-282 [
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283
Martensitic transformation and magnetocaloric effect of rare earth-doped all-d-metal Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
15-
x
R
x
(
R
=Er, Dy) alloy ribbons
LIU Meng, CHEN Hanxiao, WANG Zihan, SHEN Bangpo, XU Lei, ZHANG Zhishuo, HU Qiubo, MA Shengcan
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026003
Amid the dual challenges of global warming and the energy crisis, magnetic refrigeration technology has emerged as a promising solution. Utilizing the magnetocaloric effect, this technology offers advantages such as high efficiency, energy conservation, and environmental friendliness, making it a potential alternative to conventional gas compression refrigeration. Among magnetocaloric materials, Heusler-type Ni-Mn-based alloys have attracted significant attention, primarily due to their tunable magnetic phase transitions and remarkable magnetocaloric effects. In this study, Heusler alloy Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
15-
x
R
x
(
x
=0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0) ribbons were prepared via the melt-spinning method, focusing on the effects of rare-earth Er and Dy doping on the martensitic transformation behavior and magnetocaloric properties. The results indicate that the martensitic transformation temperature (
T
t
) of the alloys initially increases and subsequently decreases with rising rare-earth content. Specifically, it rises significantly from 190 K (0.1 T) for the undoped Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
15
to above room temperature, then declining back to the vicinity of room temperature at
x
=1.0. Overall, the
T
t
of Dy-doped samples are higher than those of Er-doped samples. Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
14.5
Dy
0.5
exhibits the optimal magnetocaloric performance, its maximum magnetic entropy change is superior to that of the undoped sample, reaching 15.31 J/(kg·K) under a magnetic field change of 0-5 T. For the Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
14
Dy
1
, the peak of the magnetic entropy change shifts rapidly towards lower temperatures with increasing magnetic field, resulting in the widest refrigeration temperature window. Furthermore, clear lath-like martensitic microstructures are observed in Ni
37
Co
13
Mn
35
Ti
14.5
Dy
0.5
, providing important structural evidence for understanding the variations in its properties.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 283-296 [
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297
Preparation and performance of Nb-doped SnO
2
supported RuO
2
acidic oxygen evolution catalysts
CHEN Silu, LI Li, LEI Ting
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026025
This study designed and synthesised a Nb-SnO
2
@RuO
2
catalyst comprising Nb-doped SnO
2
loaded with RuO
2
nanoparticles via a two-step hydrothermal process combined with calcination. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of the catalyst were investigated using analytical and characterization methods such as scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and electrochemical testing. Results indicate that the Nb-SnO
2
carrier exhibits a unique three-dimensional floral hierarchical structure assembled from thin nanosheets, providing substantial specific surface area for high RuO
2
dispersion. Significant electronic interactions and charge redistribution occur between the RuO
2
active substance and Nb-SnO
2
carrier. Nb-SnO
2
@RuO
2
catalyst exhibits outstanding oxygen evolution reaction catalytic activity in 0.5 mol/L H
2
SO
4
electrolyte, requiring only 195 mV overpotential at a current density of 10 mA/cm
2
, with a Tafel slope of 49.47 mV/dec, significantly lower than commercial RuO
2
. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits excellent long-term stability with no significant performance degradation after 50 h of continuous work. The Ru content in Nb-SnO
2
@RuO
2
catalyst is merely 0.151 mg/cm
2
, demonstrating a mass-specific activity of 350.86 mA/mg. This study provides a viable strategy for developing advanced precious-metal-based acidic oxygen evolution catalysts for sustainable energy conversion technologies.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 297-309 [
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310
In situ formation and tribological behavior of Zr-rich micro-arc oxidation coatings on titanium alloy
WEI Jianlei, LI Siyu, ZHAO Qingjie, HUANG Qianli
DOI: 10.19976/j.cnki.43-1448/TF.2026021
In conventional phosphate-, silicate-, or aluminate-based electrolytes, micro-arc oxidation coatings often suffer from insufficient wear resistance due to their intrinsic brittleness. To address this limitation, a stable electrolyte composed of K
2
ZrF
6
and (NaPO
3
)
6
was employed in this study to fabricate wear-resistant micro-arc oxidation coatings containing multiple Zr-bearing phases on TC4 titanium alloy. By varying the micro-arc oxidation treatment time, the plasma discharge behavior of TC4 titanium alloy during processing, as well as the evolution of coating microstructure, adhesion strength, and tribological performance, were systematically investigated. The results show that, as the micro-arc oxidation treatment time increases form 2 min to 60 min, the plasma discharge density on the TC4 surface gradually decreases, while the discharge intensity continuously increases, and the anodic current eventually approaches zero. When the micro-arc oxidation duration increases from 2 min to 60 min, the coating thickness rises from (14.35±3.11) μm to (65.72±6.68) μm, and critical load force in scratch testing improves from 11.00 N to 40.69 N. The coating is mainly composed of ZrP
2
O
7
, K
2
Zr(PO
4
)
2
, ZrTiO
4
, m-ZrO
2
and t-ZrO
2
, forming a multiphase synergistically reinforced structure. After 48 h of dry sliding tests, a dense transfer film is formed on the coating surface, and the wear rate reduces to (5.44±0.27)×10
-6
mm
3
/(N·m), an approximately 99.0% decrease compared with the metallic substrate, demonstrating excellent wear resistance.
2026 Vol. 31 (3): 310-320 [
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